The following are examples of learning standards in the 2006 revision of the Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Framework that relate to the goals of activities of the Earth Central Summer Institute.
Earth and Space Science High School Standards
I. Content Standards
1. Matter and Energy in the Earth System
Broad Concepts: The entire Earth system and its various cycles are driven by energy. Earth has both internal and external sources of energy. Two fundamental energy concepts included in the Earth system are gravity and electromagnetism.
1.2 Describe the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation and give examples of its impact on life and Earth’s systems.
1.8 Read, interpret, and analyze a combination of ground-based observations, satellite data, and computer models to demonstrate Earth systems and their interconnections.
3. Earth Processes and Cycles
Broad Concepts: Earth is a dynamic interconnected system. The evolution of Earth has been driven by interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Over geologic time the internal motions of Earth have continuously altered the topography and geography of the continents and ocean basins by both constructive and destructive processes.
3.4 Explain how water flows into and through a watershed. Explain the role of aquifers, wells, porosity, permeability, water table, and runoff.
3.6 Describe the rock cycle, and the processes that are responsible for the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Compare the physical properties of these rock types and the physical properties of common rock-forming minerals.
3.8 Trace the development of a lithospheric plate from its growth at a divergent boundary (mid-ocean ridge) to its destruction at a convergent boundary (subduction zone). Recognize that alternating magnetic polarity is recorded in rock at mid-ocean ridges.
Scientific literacy can be achieved by supporting students to inquire about geologic, meteorological, oceanographic, and astronomical phenomena. Scientific skills that are developed in Earth and Space Science include the inquiry skills presented below, as well as reading and interpreting maps, keys, and satellite, radar, and telescope imageries; using satellite and radar images and weather maps to illustrate weather forecasts; using seismic data to identify regions of seismic activity, and using data from various instruments that are used to study deep space and the solar system. The science curriculum should include substantial hands-on laboratory and field experiences, as appropriate, for students to develop and use scientific skills in Earth and Space Science.
SIS1. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses.
Students will be able to:
q Observe the world around them from a scientific perspective.
SIS2. Design and conduct scientific investigations.
Students will be able to:
q Articulate and explain the major concepts being investigated and the purpose of an investigation.
q Select required materials, equipment, and conditions for conducting an experiment.
q Identify independent and dependent variables.
SIS3. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations.
Students will be able to:
q Present relationships between variables in appropriate forms.
o Represent data and relationships between variables in charts and graphs.
o Use appropriate technology (such as graphing software, etc.) and other tools.
SIS4. Communicate and apply the results of scientific investigations.
Students will be able to:
q Develop descriptions and explanations of scientific concepts that an investigation focused on.
Introductory Physics High School Standards
I. Content Standards
6. Electromagnetic Radiation
Broad Concept: Oscillating electric or magnetic fields can generate electromagnetic waves over a wide spectrum.
6.2 Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency and wavelength and identify the location of radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet), ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma rays on the spectrum.